Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Effects of Palm Oil Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction (TRF) and Carotenes in Ovalbumin (OVA)-Challenged Asthmatic Brown Norway Rats

doi: 10.3390/ijms20071764

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of palm oil TRF, carotenes, and dexamethasone on pro-inflammatory cytokines, ( a ) IL-1β, ( b ) IL-6, and ( c ) TNF-α, in the plasma of Brown Norway rats challenged with OVA. Data are presented as the means ± SD, n = 10 rats per group. a P < 0.05 versus the control group. b P < 0.05 versus the OVA-challenged group.

Article Snippet: Standard enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits used for the determination of rat IL-β, IL-6, IL-4, IL-13, TNF-α (Novateinbio, Woburn, Massachusetts, USA), CRP (eBioscience, Affymetrix, Santa Clara, California, USA), IgE, LTB-4, and LTB-5 (MyBioSource, San Diego, California, USA) were utilized.

Techniques:

Journal:

Article Title: Altered effector CD4 + T cell function in IL-21R −/− CD4 + T cell-mediated graft-versus-host disease 1

doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902217

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cytokine production by splenic CD4+ T cells before and after transplantation. (A) Absolute number of donor H-2Kd-negative CD4+ T cells in the spleen. The number of donor CD4+ T cells was determined by multiplying the number of splenocytes by the percentage of H-2Kd-negative CD4+ T cells. Each dot depicts the number of donor CD4+ T cells in a mouse. Lines in the middle of dots indicate the average. Total mice analyzed were 15 recipients of wild type CD4+ T cells and 12 recipients of IL-21R−/− CD4+ T cells. (B) Intracellular staining of splenocytes after anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation. Splenocytes (1 × 106) were stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies for 5–6 hours and stained with either anti-IFN-γ or anti-TNF-α antibody in combination with anti-CD4 antibody. A total of three recipients in each group were analyzed and a representative result is shown. (C) Cytokine production by CD4+ T cells in vitro. At day 14 or 21 after transplantation, splenic CD4+ T cells (5 × 105) were purified and stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies for 18 hours. Concentrations of cytokines in the supernatants were determined by ELISA. Twelve mice were analyzed in each group after transplantation. Total mice analyzed before transplantation were 5–6 wild type and 8–9 IL-21R−/− mice. Asterisks denote statistical significance (p<0.05).

Article Snippet: ELISA kits for IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ were from BD Biosciences and ELISA kits for IL-21, IL-17, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 were from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN).

Techniques: Transplantation Assay, Staining, In Vitro, Purification, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal:

Article Title: Altered effector CD4 + T cell function in IL-21R −/− CD4 + T cell-mediated graft-versus-host disease 1

doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902217

Figure Lengend Snippet: CD4 allo-reaction in vitro was impaired after transplantation, and this impairment was not restored by CD25+ T cell depletion. (A) At day 14 after transplantation, 1 × 105 sorter-purified splenic CD4+ or CD25-negative CD4+ T cells (>98% purity) were cultured with 4 × 105 irradiated allogeneic C57BL/6-DBA2-F1 splenocytes for 4 days. The cells were pulsed with 1 μCi of [3H]-thymidine for the last 24 hours. Relative thymidine uptake to the value of wild type CD4+ T cells is depicted. (B) Culture was the same as in (A), but IFN-γ concentrations in the supernatants were determined by ELISA. (C) Sorter-purified splenic CD4+ or CD25-negative CD4+ cells from non-transplanted mice were cultured with irradiated allogeneic C57BL/6-DBA2-F1 splenocytes. Relative thymidine uptake to the number of wild type CD4+ T cells is depicted. Asterisks denote statistical significance (p<0.05).

Article Snippet: ELISA kits for IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ were from BD Biosciences and ELISA kits for IL-21, IL-17, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 were from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN).

Techniques: In Vitro, Transplantation Assay, Purification, Cell Culture, Irradiation, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay